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Kinetic Energy

The energy possessed by a vehicle or component due to its motion. Kinetic energy is proportional to mass and the square of velocity. It governs braking requirements, crash energy management, and performance analysis. See: Vehicle Energy Analysis

Knock

Abnormal combustion caused by auto-ignition of the air–fuel mixture ahead of the flame front. Knock produces high pressure oscillations that can damage engine components. Its avoidance constrains ignition timing and compression ratio. See: Combustion Phenomena

Knock Sensor

A vibration sensor mounted to the engine block to detect knock-related frequencies. Knock sensors provide feedback to engine control systems. They enable adaptive ignition timing for efficiency and durability. See: Engine Control Sensors

Kinematic Viscosity

A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow under gravity. Kinematic viscosity influences lubricant flow and film formation. It is a key parameter in oil specification and selection. See: Lubricant Properties

Kingpin Axis

The steering pivot line about which the wheel assembly rotates. Kingpin axis geometry affects steering effort and self-centring behaviour. It is fundamental to steering system design. See: Steering Geometry

Kerb Mass

The mass of a vehicle in running order without occupants or cargo. Kerb mass includes fluids and standard equipment. It is used as a baseline in performance and efficiency calculations. See: Vehicle Mass Definitions

Kinematics

The study of motion without consideration of the forces causing it. In vehicles, kinematics is applied to suspension and steering analysis. It defines wheel paths and alignment changes. See: Vehicle Motion Analysis

Kilowatt

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The SI unit of power representing one thousand watts. Kilowatts are used to quantify engine and motor output. They provide a standardised basis for performance comparison. See: Power Measurement Units

Keyway

A machined slot that allows torque transmission between a shaft and mounted component. Keyways prevent relative rotation under load. They are common in mechanical power transmission. See: Shaft Couplings

K-Factor

A characteristic value describing torque converter performance. The K-factor relates speed to torque capacity. It is used in transmission matching and calibration. See: Torque Converter Theory

Knee Point

The point on a curve where behaviour transitions from linear to non-linear. Knee points are identified in stress–strain and performance curves. They indicate operating limits. See: Material Behaviour

Kinetic Friction

The frictional force acting between surfaces in relative motion. Kinetic friction affects braking and sliding behaviour. It differs from static friction in magnitude and characteristics. See: Friction Fundamentals