Educational Mechanics
Damper (Shock Absorber)
A hydraulic device used in suspension systems to control the rate of spring movement. Dampers convert kinetic energy from suspension motion into heat, preventing continuous oscillation and maintaining tyre contact with the road.
Differential
A gear assembly that allows driven wheels on the same axle to rotate at different speeds while transmitting torque. Differentials are essential for cornering, as the inner and outer wheels travel different distances.
Disc Brake
A braking system in which friction pads act on a rotating disc attached to the wheel hub. Disc brakes provide consistent braking performance, effective heat dissipation, and predictable response.
Distributor
A component used in older ignition systems to route high-voltage current to the correct spark plug at the correct time. Modern engines typically use electronic ignition systems instead.
Double Wishbone Suspension
An independent suspension layout using two transverse control arms (upper and lower) to locate the wheel. It allows precise control of camber and wheel movement throughout suspension travel.
Downforce
A vertical force generated by aerodynamic surfaces that presses a vehicle onto the road surface. Downforce increases tyre grip at speed but also increases aerodynamic drag.
Drag
A force opposing vehicle motion through air or rolling resistance. Aerodynamic drag increases with speed and directly affects fuel efficiency and top speed.
Drive Shaft
A rotating shaft that transmits torque from the transmission or differential to the wheels. Drive shafts may incorporate universal joints or CV joints to accommodate suspension movement.
Drum Brake
A braking system in which brake shoes press outward against the inside of a rotating drum. Drum brakes are commonly used on rear axles and parking brake systems.
Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF)
A flywheel consisting of two masses connected by a damping mechanism. It reduces torsional vibration transmitted from the engine to the drivetrain, improving refinement and reducing noise.
Dynamic Load Transfer
The redistribution of vehicle weight that occurs during acceleration, braking, or cornering. Load transfer affects tyre grip, suspension behaviour, and vehicle stability.
Damping Ratio
A measure of how effectively a damper controls suspension oscillation. It describes the relationship between damping force and spring force, influencing ride comfort and handling response.
Driveshaft Torque
The twisting force transmitted through a driveshaft during vehicle operation. Driveshaft torque varies with engine output, gear selection, and traction conditions.