Educational Mechanics
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Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
An electronic module that processes sensor inputs and controls vehicle systems such as fuel injection, ignition timing, and transmission operation. ECUs allow precise and adaptive system control.
Electric Power Steering (EPS)
A steering assistance system that uses an electric motor instead of hydraulic pressure to reduce steering effort. Assistance is varied based on vehicle speed and operating conditions.
Engine
A machine that converts chemical energy from fuel into mechanical energy. In road vehicles this is typically achieved through internal combustion, where expanding gases act on pistons to produce rotational motion at the crankshaft.
Engine Braking
A deceleration effect produced when the engine resists vehicle motion with the throttle closed. It occurs due to pumping losses and compression resistance within the engine.
Energy Absorption
The process by which vehicle systems dissipate kinetic energy. In suspension systems this occurs through dampers, while in braking systems it occurs through friction.
Engine
A machine that converts chemical energy from fuel into mechanical energy. In road vehicles this is typically achieved through internal combustion, where expanding gases act on pistons to produce rotational motion at the crankshaft.
Engine Braking
A deceleration effect produced when the engine resists vehicle motion with the throttle closed. It occurs due to pumping losses and compression resistance within the engine.
Engine Speed
The rotational speed of the engine, typically measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). Engine speed influences torque output, fuel consumption, and drivetrain loading.
Engine Torque
A measure of the twisting force produced by the engine at the crankshaft. Engine torque determines a vehicle’s ability to accelerate and overcome resistance.
Epicyclic Gearset
A gear arrangement consisting of a sun gear, planet gears, and a ring gear, all rotating about a common axis. Epicyclic gearsets are used in automatic transmissions and centre differentials to provide compact torque multiplication and speed variation.
Equaliser (Brake System)
A mechanical linkage used in some braking systems to distribute braking force evenly between wheels, particularly in drum brake and parking brake arrangements.
Exhaust Back Pressure
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Exhaust Gas
Gases produced as a result of combustion within an engine. Exhaust gases contain residual oxygen, combustion products, and energy that can be recovered using turbochargers.
Exhaust Manifold
A component that collects exhaust gases from multiple cylinders and directs them into the exhaust system or turbocharger. Its design influences gas flow, efficiency, and turbo response.
Expansion Stroke
The phase of a four-stroke engine cycle where combustion gases expand and force the piston downward, producing useful mechanical work - also known as the Power Stroke