Wheel Alignment

Toe-In and Toe-Out Explained – Wheel Alignment

Jump to:
1. What the System Does
2. How It Works – Step by Step
3. Key Components Involved
4. Common Misconceptions
5. Why This Matters

Anchor 1

Toe-in and toe-out describe the alignment of the steered wheels when viewed from above the vehicle. They define whether the fronts of the wheels point slightly towards each other or away from each other when the vehicle is at rest.

Toe alignment controls the directional relationship between the steered wheels. Manufacturers specify a toe setting so that, under normal driving conditions, the wheels run as close to parallel as possible when the vehicle is moving.

Correct toe settings help balance straight-line stability, steering response, and tyre wear.

This page explains what toe settings are, how they are measured, and how toe-in and toe-out influence vehicle stability, handling, and tyre wear.

How it Works - Step by Step

Anchor 2

Toe definition
When viewed from above, toe describes whether the fronts of the wheels are closer together or further apart than the rears.
Measurement methods
Toe can be measured as a linear distance between the front and rear of the tyres, or as an angular value.
Toe-in
The fronts of the wheels are closer together than the rears. This configuration is commonly used on rear-wheel-drive vehicles.
Toe-out
The fronts of the wheels are further apart than the rears. This is commonly used on front-wheel-drive vehicles.
Dynamic effects
Under driving conditions, forces from the drivetrain and suspension cause the wheels to move. Toe settings are chosen so that these forces bring the wheels closer to parallel while the vehicle is in motion.
Handling characteristics
Toe-out can introduce a small amount of oversteer to counteract understeer, while toe-in improves straight-line stability.

Key Components Involved

Anchor 3

Steered wheels and tyres
The toe angle directly affects tyre contact and wear.
Steering linkage
Track rods and steering arms set and maintain the toe position.
Suspension system
Influences how toe changes under load and movement.
Steering rack or track rod
Determines how toe adjustments are applied depending on vehicle design.

Common Misconceptions

Anchor 4

Toe settings are the same for all vehicles
Toe values vary depending on drivetrain layout and suspension design.
Toe only affects tyre wear
Toe also influences handling and straight-line stability.
Static toe equals dynamic toe
Toe is set so that wheels run correctly under normal driving loads, not just when stationary.

Why This Matters

Anchor 5

Understanding toe-in and toe-out explains why vehicles are aligned to specific values rather than perfectly parallel at rest. It also clarifies how incorrect toe settings can affect steering behaviour and lead to excessive tyre wear.

This knowledge supports a broader understanding of steering and suspension geometry.

Quick Reference